Simple Line Plots
This recipe will teach you how to make interactive plots, like this:
%matplotlib inline
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
from IPython.html.widgets import interact
def plot_sine(frequency=1.0, amplitude=1.0):
plt.ylim(-1.0, 1.0);
x = np.linspace(0, 10, 1000)
plt.plot(x, amplitude*np.sin(x*frequency));
interact(plot_sine, frequency=(0.5, 10.0), amplitude=(0.0, 1.0));
Perhaps the simplest of all plots is the visualization of a single function y = f(x). Here we will take a first look at creating a simple plot of this type. For all matplotlib plots, we start by creating a figure and an axes.
First, run the code below to import the libraries we’ll be using in the example:
%matplotlib inline
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
print("Dependencies loaded...")
In their simplest form, a figure and axes can be created as follows:
fig = plt.figure() ax = plt.axes()
In matplotlib, the figure (an instance of the class plt.Figure) can be thought of as a single container which contains all the objects representing axes, graphics, text, labels, etc.
The axes (an instance of the class plt.Axes) is what we see above: a bounding box with ticks and labels, which will eventually contain other plot elements.
Through this book, we’ll commonly use the variable name fig to refer to a figure instance, and ax to refer to an axes instance or set of axes instances.
Once we have created an axes, we can use the ax.plot function to plot some data. Let’s start with a simple sine wave:
fig = plt.figure() ax = plt.axes() x = np.linspace(0, 10, 1000) ax.plot(x, np.cos(x));
Alternatively, we can use the pylab interface and let the figure and axes be created for us in the background. (See the sidebar on page X for a discussion of these two interfaces)
plt.plot(x, np.sin(x));
If we want to create a single figure with multiple lines, we can simply call the plot function multiple times:
plt.plot(x, np.sin(x*2)); plt.plot(x, np.sin(x));
That’s all there is to plotting simple functions in matplotlib! Below we’ll dive into some more details about how to control the appearance of the axes and lines.
Adjusting the Plot: Line Colors and Styles
The first adjustment you might wish to make to a plot is to control the line colors and styles.
The plt.plot() function takes additional arguments which can be used to specify these.
To adjust the color, you can use the color keyword, which accepts a string argument representing virtually any imaginable color.
The color can be specified in a variety of ways, which we’ll show below:
plt.plot(x, np.sin(x - 0), color='blue') # specify color by name plt.plot(x, np.sin(x - 1), color='g') # short color code (works for rgb & cmyk) plt.plot(x, np.sin(x - 2), color='0.75') # Greyscale between 0 and 1 plt.plot(x, np.sin(x - 3), color='#FFDD44') # Hex color code (RRGGBB from 00 to FF) plt.plot(x, np.sin(x - 4), color=(1.0,0.2,0.3)) # RGB tuple, between 0 and 1 plt.plot(x, np.sin(x - 5), color='chartreuse') # all html color names are supported;
Note that if no color is specified, matplotib will automatically cycle through a set of default colors for the lines.
Similarly, the line style can be adjusted using the linestyle keyword:
plt.plot(x, x + 0, linestyle='solid') plt.plot(x, x + 1, linestyle='dashed') plt.plot(x, x + 2, linestyle='dashdot') plt.plot(x, x + 3, linestyle='dotted'); # For short, you can use the following codes: plt.plot(x, x + 4, linestyle='-') # solid plt.plot(x, x + 5, linestyle='--') # dashed plt.plot(x, x + 6, linestyle='-.') # dashdot plt.plot(x, x + 7, linestyle=':') # dotted;
If you would like to be extremely terse, these linestyle codes and color codes can be combined into a single non-keyword argument to the plt.plot() function:
plt.plot(x, x + 0, '-g') # solid green plt.plot(x, x + 1, '--c') # dashed cyan plt.plot(x, x + 2, '-.k') # dashdot black plt.plot(x, x + 3, ':r') # dotted red;
These single-character color codes reflect the standard abbreviations in the RGB (Red/Green/Blue) and CMYK (Cyan/Magenta/Yellow/blacK) color systems, commonly used for digital color graphics.
There are many other keyword arguments that can be used to fine-tune the appearance of the plot: for more details, refer to matplotib’s online documentation, or the docstring of the plt.plot() function.
Adjusting the Plot: Axes limits
Matplotlib does a fairly good job of choosing default axes limits for your plot, but sometimes it’s nice to have finer control.
Here we’ll briefly see how to change the limits of the x and y axes.
The most basic way to do this is to use the plt.xlim() and plt.ylim() methods to set the numerical limits of the x and y axes:
plt.plot(x, np.sin(x)) plt.xlim(-1, 11) plt.ylim(-1.5, 1.5);
If for some reason you’d like either axis to be displayed in reverse, you can simply reverse the order of the arguments:
plt.plot(x, np.sin(x)) plt.xlim(10, 0) plt.ylim(1.2, -1.2);
A useful related method is plt.axis(): note here the potential confusion between axes with an e, and axis with an i.
This method allows you to set the x and y limits with a single call, by passing a list which specifies [xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax]:
plt.plot(x, np.sin(x)) plt.axis([-1, 11, -1.5, 1.5]);
The plt.axis() method goes even beyond this, allowing you to do things like automatically tighten the bounds around the current plot:
plt.plot(x, np.sin(x))
plt.axis('tight');
It allows even higher-level specifications, such as ensuring an equal aspect ratio so that one unit in x is equal to one unit in y:
plt.plot(x, np.sin(x))
plt.axis('equal');
For more information on axis limits and the other capabilities of the plt.axis method, refer to matplotlib’s online documentation.
Labeling Plots
As the last piece of this recipe, we’ll briefly look at the labeling of plots: titles, axis labels, and simple legends.
Titles and axis labels are the simplest of these: there are methods which can be used to quickly set these:
plt.plot(x, np.sin(x))
plt.title("A Sine Curve")
plt.xlabel("x")
plt.ylabel("sin(x)");
The position, size, and style of these labels can be adjusted using optional arguments to the function. For more information, see the matplotlib documentation and the docstrings of each of these functions.
When multiple lines are being shown within a single axes, it can be useful to create a plot legend that labels each line type.
Again, matplotlib has a built-in way of quickly creating such a legend.
It is done via the (you guessed it) plt.legend() method.
Though there are several valid ways of using this, I find it easiest to specify the label of each line using the label keyword of the plot function:
plt.plot(x, np.sin(x), '-r', label='sin(x)')
plt.plot(x, np.cos(x), ':b', label='cos(x)')
plt.axis('equal')
plt.legend();
As you can see, the plt.legend() function keeps track of the line style and color, and matches these with the correct label.
More information on specifying and formatting plot legends can be found in the plt.legend doc string; additionally, we will cover some more advanced legend options in recipe X.X.
Sidebar: Gotchas
While most plt functions translate directly to ax methods (such as plt.plot() & ax.plot()), this is not always the case. In particular, functions to set limits, labels, and titles are slightly modified.
For transitioning between matlab-style functions and object-oriented methods, make the following changes:
plt.xlabel()&plt.ylabel()becomeax.set_xlabel()&ax.set_ylabel()plt.xlim()&plt.ylim()becomeax.set_xlim()&ax.set_ylim()plt.title()becomesax.set_title()